WHAT IS ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) is a type of progressive arthritis that leads to chronic inflammation of the spine and sacroiliac (SI) joints. AS primarily affects the axial skeleton, including the ligaments and joints. Inflammation due to AS can also affect other joints and organs in the body, such as the eyes, lungs, kidneys, shoulders, knees, hips, heart, and ankles. AS is a true "systemic" disease, meaning the problem causes changes throughout the body. One way to understand what AS does to the body is to look at the words "ankylosing" and "spondylitis." Ankylosing means stiffening. It comes from the Greek word "angkylos," which means bent. Spondylitis means inflammation of the spine. It comes from the Greek word "spondylos," which means spinal vertebrae. In essence, AS causes your spine to stiffen due to inflammation of the joints. This may cause the vertebrae to fuse together. It may also cause a kyphosis of the spine, which gives your spine a forward curve.
A healthy spine is able to move in many directions, which is why you can bend, turn, and twist. The spinal bones are joined together by flexible ligaments and are separated by cushiony discs, which allow a lot of movement. Movement can become impossible if the ligaments calcify and the bones fuse together. This is why AS can be disabling in its advanced stages.
MORE INFORMATION ABOUT ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
- CAUSES
- SYMPTOMS
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
To understand your symptoms and treatment options, it helps to start with the basic ANATOMY OF THE SPINE. This includes becoming familiar with the various parts that make up the spine and how these parts work together.
The origin of AS is still unknown. But much is known about how AS progresses and why it causes spinal stiffening. When AS first appears, an inflammation of the bones (called osteitis) occurs around the edges of the joints. In these areas, the number of special cells (called inflammatory cells) begins to increase. Inflammatory cells produce chemicals that damage the bone. This causes the bone to begin to dissolve and weaken around the edge of each joint.
Damage to the bone starts a process where the body continually tries to repair the damage with scar tissue and new bone tissue. As the process continues, the bone becomes weaker and weaker. When the inflammation finally "burns out" and begins to disappear, the body attempts to heal the bone by producing calcium deposits around the area of the damage. For some unclear reason, as the bone heals itself, the calcium deposits spread to the ligaments and discs between the vertebrae. This leads to a fusion of the spine, sometimes referred to as bony ankylosis.
Symptoms
Like other forms of arthritis, the symptoms of AS are from the effects of inflammation. Initially the symptoms may come and go for weeks or months at a time.- The first sign of AS is usually sacroiliitis (inflammation in the SI joints). This condition causes pain in the low back and buttock areas.
- There is often severe low back pain, along with buttock, hip, and thigh pain on one or both sides. It usually comes on gradually and gets worse with time.
- Stiffness and low back pain commonly occur in the morning and ease with activity over the course of the day.
- Prolonged rest worsens the symptoms of AS, which is different from some other forms of low back pain that are eased with rest.
- Spine flexibility is reduced with AS, which can affect your ability to bend forward and backward.
- In the mid back, AS can affect the joints where the ribs connect to the vertebrae. These are called the costotransverse and costovertebral joints. Inflammation in these joints can cause pain in your chest wall and into your abdomen.
- Symptoms in the neck include stiffness, pain, and limited neck motion.
- Because AS attacks the joints of the body, synovitis can occur. Synovitis is a term used to describe inflammation of the synovial membrane (lining of the joints). Symptoms of synovitis include pain, stiffness, and swelling in any joint in the body.
- Breathing can be affected as AS progresses. The disease can make the mid back round forward, a deformity called kyphosis. When this occurs, it can compress the lungs and make it increasingly difficult to take a breath. Also, when the disease affects the joints between the ribs and spine, the chest loses its ability to expand enough to take a full breath. Inflammation of the lungs can also occur with AS, making it even harder to breathe.
- The eyes can be affected by AS. About 25 percent of AS patients develop iritis, a condition that is caused by inflammation of the iris. The iris is the colored part of your eye around the pupil. There may be pain and redness in the eye, but usually vision is not impaired.
- The spine bones may eventually grow together, fusing into one continuous column of bone. This is due to calcification of the ligaments and discs between each vertebra. If the vertebrae fuse together, the spine is robbed of mobility, leaving the vertebrae brittle and vulnerable to fractures. When the spine becomes completely fused together, the pain in the spinal area usually goes away. This does not signal a remission of the disease. However, patients are left with no spinal mobility and brittle bones that are more likely to fracture. If pain suddenly reappears in your back after a long period of no pain, you may have a fractured vertebra.
It is sometimes difficult in the early stages of AS to make a definite diagnosis. Your Chiropractor will take a history and perform a physical exam. Other diagnostic tests include X-rays and lab tests. Your Chiropractor may be alerted to the possible diagnosis of AS if your history includes
- onset of back pain before age 35-40
- gradual onset; not caused by a trauma
- pain that has lasted more than three to six months
- improvement with exercise and motion
- spinal stiffness in the mornings
- family history of AS
Your Chiropractor may order X-rays of the spine and pelvis if AS is suspected. The vertebrae in a patient with AS are often seen on X-ray to be deformed and have a square shape. Doctors refer to this as a "bamboo spine" appearance-very symmetrical and segmented.
Most of the early X-ray findings will be seen around the SI joint, and they are usually seen on both sides. These signs include patchy osteoporosis (loss of bone mass), poorly defined joint margins, a widening of the SI joint space, and erosions of the joint. In advanced cases of AS, the X-rays will show many changes including calcium deposits in the ligaments and discs, complete spinal fusion, and sometimes old spinal fractures.
Other tests
If your Chiropractor suspects that you have AS, a blood test can be helpful in finding out whether you have the HLA-B27 gene. There is not a specific blood test available to determine if a person has AS. You may see AS referred to as a seronegative spondyloarthropathy. This refers to a patient who has all the symptoms of AS but does not have the positive blood test that usually indicates AS. (The negative test is called the rheumatoid factor.) This is simply a way for Chiropractors to classify AS in relation to other forms of systemic arthritis. If you have the symptoms of AS and the HLA-B27 gene, AS is likely to be the correct diagnosis.
A blood test can show evidence of increased inflammation in the body. The test normally used for this is the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR). This is a simple gauge of inflammation in the blood from any cause. Even a common cold will increase this test significantly.
A urinalysis might be used to test the kidneys. This is done to look for possible kidney abnormalities that could be causing problems with similar AS symptoms.